Research

Our research covers current prescribing practice, policy initiatives, interventions across hospitals and primary healthcare, and much more.

Prof Mike Sharland chaired the antibiotic working group on the WHO Essential Medicines Committee responsible for developing the AWaRe classification in 2017 and the subsequent development of the wider AWaRe system, including the WHO 2022 AWaRe Antibiotic Book.

In 2024, the UN General Assembly on AMR agreed that 70% of global antibiotic use should be Access antibiotics.

The aim of the Antibiotic Policy Group is to assist policymakers, clinicians and all relevant stakeholders with analyses and tools that can be used to inform antibiotic policies and interventions to improve antibiotic use.

 Read the full list of AWaRe antibiotics

Key points

Focus on optimising use of existing antibiotics
Most antibiotic use is in primary care setting and much of this is inappropriate use
Improving use of Access antibiotics in primary care setting can help countries reach targets
Any country-specific target should account for local burden of disease, resistance and other risk factors
We focus on analysis and tools at all levels of healthcare for hospital sector, primary care sector, clinicians, pharmacists, AMS committees + MoH/policy makers, as well as higher level national sector (including supply chains, EMLs, targets)

Explore our project directory

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Sector

Hospital National Primary Care

Theme

Assessment Data collection Data reuse Intervention

TACE Africa and Asia

Technical Assistance for Clinical Engagement

ADILA

Antibiotic Data to Inform Local Action

GAPi

Global Antibiotic Policy Initiative

AWaRe 1 Trial

Primary Care Antimicrobial Stewardship Trial in Africa and Asia using the WHO AWaRe System

Explore our project outputs

ADILA: Target trial- Cordant Treatment

Evaluating the impact of delayed concordant antibiotic treatment on 30-day mortality in patients with bloodstream infection in LMICs

Standard treatment guidelines

ADILA: Advancing monitoring of antimicrobial resistance trajectories using flexible spatiotemporal modelling

A change-point analysis

ADILA: Target trial- Switching Empirical Treatment

Target trial- Switching Empirical Treatment

ADILA: Spectramed

Antibiotic prescribing for common acute infections in low-middle income countries – an analysis using IQVIA prescriber surveys from Pakistan, Egypt, and Indonesia

ADILA: Quality Indicators

Development of AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve) antibiotic quality indicators for optimal use

ADILA: Global pricing of AWaRe antibiotics

Global pricing of AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve) antibiotics: implications of the UNGA-AMR 70% Access target on national pharmaceutical expenditure

ADILA: Grey Group

Regulation of oral non-EML antibiotics

ADILA: Formulations

Using oral and parenteral formulation of AWaRe antibiotics as a proxy estimate of primary healthcare and inpatient hospital sector use

ADILA: Benchmarking AWaRe

Estimating optimal AWaRe antibiotic use for 186 countries based on infection and resistance burden

ADILA: No antibiotic care (CPRD study)

Association between propensity to prescribe antibiotics for common infections in primary healthcare and adverse outcomes

ADILA: CAP Systematic Review

Systematic review on clinical efficacy of amoxicillin for treatment of community acquired pneumonia

ADILA: APC-PPS

Antibiotic Prescribing in Primary Healthcare Point Prevalence Survey (APC-PPS)

ADILA: Observed and expected antibiotic use

Comparing Observed versus Expected Empiric Antibiotic Use in Hospitals

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Our research focuses on the optimal use of antibiotics and the AWaRe system